EARLY ITALIC SANCTURARIES
As part of this development, the ruling elites of central Italy made the cult places of their communities grander and grander. From around 600, the inhabitants of some cities and towns began to build large, elaborate temples to their gods. These edifices, which shared many features with the earlier palaces, especially in their decorations, were often located on the central square of a settlement or on a hill overlooking it, where they would dominate the city’s physical appearance. Although there could be considerable variation in ornament and in details, temples in central Italy generally were built upon a high platform or podium, fronted by a porch with columns; crowning the structure were a peaked roof of terracotta tiles and such terracotta decorations as statues, friezes, and antefixes. In later periods, these structures had an important place in communal identity, and they served functions beyond the strictly religious: In Rome, for example, officials performed many of their duties here, and speakers addressed their audience from a temple podium, where they would be highly visible.
These new cult places in some ways were an elaboration and a monumentalization of earlier practices. Organized cults did not begin with the seventh century. Excavations at the sites of some sixth- and fifth-century temples have unearthed .This reconstruction of the so called Portonaccio Temple at Veii (built c. 500) illustrates some of the typical features of a central Italian temple. It was built upon a high platform or podium. In front was a deep colonnaded porch, and behind was the chamber or cella where the cult statue of the god and some of the most precious offerings were stored. Along the ridge and edges of the roof, terracotta sculptures were placed (termed “acroterial” statues after the bases or acroteria on which they stood). The altar would have been somewhere in front of the temple; most ceremonies here would have been outside (not inside) and public.
votive deposits that contained objects much older than the temples. In the Latin city of Satricum, the area later occupied by a temple contained a simple hut of ninth century date (with a hearth) that may have served as a cult place. Around the middle of the seventh century, this hut was replaced by a rectangular stone building with terracotta roof decorations; a votive model of this structure clearly shows it to have been a temple. Comparable development from hut to temple may also be seen at Velitrae, Lanuvium, and Gabii. At other places, sacred groves or open air altars first occupied the sites of later temples.
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