DICTATORS AS RULERS IN ANCIENT ROME
In times of emergency, the Romans resorted to an office with extraordinary powers. In the fourth and third centuries, Roman magistrates appointed one man to serve as dictator in emergencies, or in a major war when a unified command seemed desirable. Dictators were not elected. Instead, a consul designated a single man for the post in a ceremony that took place in the dead of night. The new dictator then appointed a “master of cavalry” (magister equitum) as second in command to assist him.
Dictators were thought to possess the undivided power of the old kings of the city, and they surrounded themselves with symbols of royal power; perhaps for this reason, they were bound by a series of ritual prohibitions limiting their conduct. A dictator remained in office for six months or for the duration of the emergency, whichever was shorter; meantime the consuls remained in office, but served under the dictator’s command. The roots of this office certainly lie in the wars and civic disturbances of the fifth century.
Annual magistracies require a process of selection. In later periods, Roman citizens, meeting in assemblies, elected individuals to fill the offices. Such assemblies certainly functioned during the fifth century, and they may even have functioned under the kings, but little is known of their powers and mode of operation then. In the first century B.C., an assembly of curiae (comitia curiata) met to ratify the choice of officials made by others, to witness the inauguration of priests, and to approve certain adoptions and wills. By that date, when this “curiate” assembly met, each of the thirty curiae was represented by a single citizen, who cast its vote. In early Rome, its meetings must have been bet¬ter attended, but its functions may not have been different.
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